Environmental
Pollution
•
If
any of the living organisms (human, animals or plants) becomes ill then there
is something wrong with the environment, called pollution.
•
It
means the contamination of water, air or soil by the emission of effluents or
wastes, which alters the chemical, physical or biological properties of water,
air or soil and render harmful effects to biodiversity.
I.
Pollution
– a general term
II.
Contamination
- a specified term
Effects on human health
•
Pollutants
cause cancer, lupus, immune diseases,
allergy and asthma.
•
Adverse
air quality kills many organisms including humans.
•
Ozone
pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat
inflammation, chest pain and congestion.
•
Water
pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths/d, mostly due to contamination of
drinking water by untreated sewage.
•
Oil
spills can cause skin irritations and rashes.
•
Noise
pollution induces hearing loss, high BP, stress and sleep disturbance.
Regulation
and monitoring
United States
•
The
US-EPA established threshold standards for air pollutants to protect human
health on January 1, 1970.
•
The
US has a maximum fine of US dollar|US$25,000 for dumping toxic waste.
Europe
•
European
pollution output is far lower than that of the USA.
•
In
2000, UK Air Quality Regulations were established further amended in 2002.
•
British
harmonization with EU regulations.
China
•
China's
rapid industrialization has substantially increased pollution.
•
China
regulations: Environmental Protection Law-1979, largely modeled on U.S.
legislation.
•
In
1991, only one Chinese city made an effort to clean water discharges.
•
This
indicates that China is about 30 years behind the U.S. & up to 20 years
behind Europe.
International
•
The
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an
international treaty on global warming.
•
A
total of 141 countries sanctioned the agreement.
•
US, Australia, signed but not ratified the
agreement.
Pakistan: Environmental Issues
•
Pakistan's
cities suffer from air pollution and unplanned development, caused degradation,
environmental issues become more salient.
•
Pak.
Environmental Protection Ordinance of 1983
•
In
1992 the government issued its National Conservation Strategy Report (NCSR).
•
3
goals for the country's EP efforts:
(1) conservation of natural
resources;
(2) promotion of sustainable
development
(3) improvement of efficiency in
the use and management of resources
• In 1993 Pakistan instituted National
Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) on municipal and liquid industrial
effluents and industrial gaseous emissions, motor vehicle exhaust, and noise.
• In 1996, only 3% of industries able
to implement the standards.
• After 2005, attention increased,
under WTO agreement, Pakistan has difficulty to export products from industries
without adequate environmental safeguards.
• January 2000 report released by the
Ministry of Environment showed that Pakistan spended $17 million/y on
pollution-related cleanup; however, $84 million was needed.
• The level of air pollution in
Karachi and Lahore, 20 times > WHO standards.
• 1992 NCS Report claims that the
average Pakistani vehicle emits 25 times as much CO2 as the average
U.S. vehicle, as well as 20 times as many hydrocarbons and more than 3.5 times
as many nitrous oxides in g/kg.
Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority
•
In
1965, The nuclear regulatory infrastructure after the first PARR-I was
commissioned.
•
Further
improved when the first nuclear power plant was commissioned in 1971 at Karachi
.
•
Directorate
of Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection (DNSRP) after the promulgation of
PNS & RP Ordinance 1984.
•
Pakistan
signed the International Convention on Nuclear Safety in 1994 to establish an
independent nuclear regulatory body.
•
Pakistan
Nuclear Regulatory Authority Ordinance No.III of 2001. Pakistan Nuclear
Regulatory Authority (PNRA) was created.
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