“A method of pest control using area-wide inundative releases of
sterile insects to reduce fertility of a field population of the same species”
The SIT relies on mass rearing and release of insects sterilized
by gamma radiation.
The released males mate with wild females, preventing production
of offspring.
Muller, H.J. (1927) discovered that ionization radiation can
induce dominant lethal mutations
Knipling, E. F. 1955. Possibilities of insect control or
eradication through the use of sexually sterile males. J. Econ. Entomol.
48:459-62
GOALS
· Production
of Competitive sterile males for release in wild population of target insect.
· Repeated
releases lead to population control and eventual eradication.
Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)
Definition of sterility
· Structural
or functional inability to reproduce
· “An
Insect that, as a result of an appropriate treatment, is unable to produce
viable offspring” (FAO 2005)
· Sterility
of the male is caused by dominant lethal mutations in the sperm of the released
males resulting from radiation.
· A sterile
male has the ability to mate and transfer viable sperm and necessary fluid of
the appropriate quality and quantity to ensure appropriate female behaviour
· Species
specific
· Ecologically
sound
· Cost
Effective
· Non
polluting
· Effective
and Long lasting
Pre-requisites for SIT
· Preliminary
Lab. studies on
· Rearing,
handling, and evaluation of proper sterility doses for the target species
· Studies
on the proper age & stage for irradiation
· Studies
on the males longevity (field & lab studies)
· Sexual
competitiveness before & after irradiation
· Large
Field Cage Studies
· Release
rate/ sq Km
· Application
intensity
· Release
Mode (ground, aerial)
· Mating
compatibility
· Post
releases evaluation
· SIT
against An. albimanus control during 1972 at El Salvador
· (Umbrella
Project of WHO/ IAEA)
· SIT on
Ae. albopictus in La Reunion France
· SIT on
Ae. albopictus Bolognia, Italy
· Current
SIT for Malaria Control in Sudan
· Current
SIT for Dengue control in South East Asia
· Exploring
genetic molecular, mechanical and Behavioural tools of sex separation in
mosquitoes
How Males are Separated?
In SIT program only males are released, therefore, there must be
system for separating males from females. The efficiency of insect control
programs and cost of artificial rearing will greatly reduce when females are
removed at the early stages of rearing.
This can be exploited through various techniques including sexual
dimorphism, behavior, developmental time, swarming, blood feeding and genetic
sexing
Sexual dimorphism
· Color:
· Size:
· Developmental
Time
· Behavioral
Differences
· Male
Swarming in mosquitoes
· Blood
Feeding by the females
Genetic Sexing Strains
The classical genetic sexing strains (GSS’s) have been developed
for various insects including anophelines that rely on the linkage of a
dominant selectable marker to the male determining chromosome.
Linkage is accomplished by radiation-induced translocations
followed by crossing and screening of the offspring. Resistance genes, e.g.
temperature-sensitive lethal genes and insecticide-resistance genes have been
used as selectable markers.
Examples of GSS strains in SIT
· GSS of
medfly is currently used in all SIT operational programmes.
· A
successful Anopheline GSS was the MACHO strain of A. albimanus used in El
Salvador.
· This
strain was created by linking an insecticide (propoxur) resistance gene to the
male chromosome and an inversion was induced to suppress further recombination
and thus stabilize the strain.
· Females
were removed from the population by treatment of the eggs with a discriminating
dose of insecticide. The effectiveness of this sexing strain was 99.9%
· Engineer
strains of mosquitoes that are refractory to Plasmodium parasites
Species
|
Sexing Strategy
|
||
Mediterranean fruit fly C.
capitata
|
Y-autosome translocation, using a
temperature-sensitive lethal (tsl)
|
||
Melon fly B. cucurbitae
|
Y-autosome translocation, pupal
colour separation
|
||
Oriental fruit fly B.
dorsalis
|
Y-autosome translocation, pupal
colour separation
|
||
Culex
tarsalis
|
Malathion
resistance males
|
||
Anopheles albimanus
|
Pupal
size and Y-autosome translocation,
propoxur
resistance
|
||
Glossina austeni
|
Manual,
sex-specific time of emergence, infrared screening of pupae
|
||
Successful Stories
· The
successful eradications of the New World screwworm fly from North and Central
America and panama (Wyss, 2000)
· Mediterranean
fruit fly from areas in North, Central USA (including Mexico, Hendrichs et al.,
1983)
· South
America (including all of Chile, SAG, 1995),
· Melon fly
(Dacus cucurbitae)/from Okinawa Islands Japan, Taiwan; (Kuba et al, 1996)
· Queensland
fruit fly from Western Australia (Fisher, 1996)
· Pink
Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders)/USA (California);
· Tsetse
Fly (Glossina species)/Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Upper Volta
· Mosquitoes
(various) USA (Florida), East Africa, Venezuela
· Boll
Weevil (Anthonomus grandis)/Southeastern USA
· Mexican
Fruit Fly, (Anastrepha ludens)/ USA (Texas), Mexico
· Gypsy
Moth (Lymantria dispar)/ Northeastern USA, Canada
· Stable
Fly (Stomoxys calcitrans)/USA (St. Croix, Virgin Islands - experimental)
· Horn Fly
(Haematobia irritans)/ USA (Texas - experimental
· Corn
Earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie)/ USA (St. Croix, VI)
· Tobacco
Hornworm (Manduca sexta)/ USA (St. Croix, VI)
Uses of Nuclear Techniques Agriculture (Export)
· Due to
WTO regulations exporters have to use pest and disease free goods and fresh
produce for export to other countries
· Have to
meet max. residue levels (MRL’s)
· Pakistan
is one of the world largest exporter of Kino
· Pak Mangos
are much liked in the world market
· Export of
rice, mango, citrus fruit and spices from Pakistan has to meet WTO regulations
· D. citri
is locally spread by natural dispersal. Citrus material (budwood, grafted
trees, rootstock seedlings) from infected areas can carry eggs and/or nymphs
over longer distances.
· 5th or
6th-instar nymphs, as well as the adults born from these nymphs, are capable of
transmitting the greening agent to citrus.
Quarantine Pests
· A pest of
potential economic importance to the area endangered thereby and not yet
present there, or present but not yet widely distributed and being officially
controlled (FAO, IPPC)
· Quarantine
Pests inflict direct losses to the fruits and vegetables and pose trade
barriers in the export of fresh fruits and vegetables to the pest free
countries as the eggs and nymphs can be transmitted with the export commodity
to the importing countries.
· Irradiation
as a phytosanitary treatment for agric. commodities is environment friendly
control strategy
· Irradiation
can be applied for the control of arthropods and pathogens in fresh
commodities, stored products and ornamentals
· Agri.
Produce treated with optimum doses has potential to meet WTO constraints
· Radiation
Treatment for export quality products (stored products, fresh fruit, spices)
· Quarantine
pests are controlled
· High
doses in permissible limits are applied that would not affect quality,
wholesomeness and consumer acceptability, or health hazardous
nice work keep it up bro
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