Nutritional
Evaluation of Foods Some Basic Principles
Nomenclature
•
Food:
What ever is taken in to the body for satisfaction of satiety
•
Nutrition: Biological value of the ingested food
•
Diet:
Food prescribed by an expert
Health: A state of complete physical and mental
well being and not merely the absence of disease
•
Low
birth-weight -
Less than 2,500 grams
Underweight - weight for age below reference population
Underweight - weight for age below reference population
•
Wasting - weight for height below
reference population
•
Stunting - height for age below reference
population
Nutrition at Different Life stages
Nutrition Trends in Pakistan
Micronutrient status
and public health problems
Currently: Emerging:
Iron Folate
Iodine Zinc
Vitamin A Calcium and others
Results of
micronutrient defeciency
Fe
Vit A I
Cognitive development +
- +
Productivity +
- +
Infectous defence + + -
Immunocompetence + + -
Reproductivity + + +
Mortality + +
+
Economic
Losses
Due to Micronutrient Deficiencies
Due to Micronutrient Deficiencies
•
Micronutrient
Deficiency loss:
$ 2.5 Billion
•
Losses
due to non fortification : 4.3% GDP
- Macronutrients
•
Proteins
•
Carbohydrates
•
Fats
•
Water
- Micronutrients
•
Vitamins
•
Minerals
Functions of
Proteins
l Growth
l Maintenance
l Hormones, Enzymes
l Antibodies – Defense Mechanism
l Energy
l Fluid Balance
l pH Maintenance
Deficiency
l Fatigue and lassitude
l Edema – Water balance disturbance
l Physical restraint - bedridden
l Stunted Growth
l Mental Retardation
l Lack of muscle development and muscular wasting
l Lowered disease resistance
l Skin changes
l Loss of appetite
l Kwashiorkor
Amino acids
Essential
|
Non
Essential
|
|
Neutral
|
Threonine
|
Glycine
|
Acidic
|
Valine
|
Alanine
|
Basic
|
Leucine
|
Serine
|
Aliphatic
|
Iso-leucine
|
Tyrosine
|
Aromatic
|
Phenylalanine
|
Proline
|
S-Containing
|
Tryptophane
|
Hydroxyproline
|
Histidine
|
Arginine
|
|
Methionine
|
Hydroxylysine
|
|
Lysine
|
Aspartic Acid
|
|
Cystein
|
Glutamic Acid
|
|
Cystine
|
Daily Nitrogen Losses
n Urinary N-Losses =
37mg/kg BW /day
n Fecal N-Losses = 12mg/kg BW /day
n Cotaneous N-Losses
= 3mg/kg BW /day
n Other monor N-Losses
= 2mg/kg BW /day
n Total obligatory N-Losses = 54mg/kg BW /day
30% Allowance for
Incomplete utilization
30% Allowance for
Human variation
Total Protein
requirements = 0.57gProtein/kg/day
But = Low
Protein Quality ?
Recommended
Dietary Allowance
Age
- Years
|
Weight
- kg
|
Protein
- g
|
|
Infants
|
0-1/2
|
4
|
Kg
X 2.2
|
1/6-1/2
|
7
|
Kg
X 2.0
|
|
½-1
|
9
|
Kg
X 1.8
|
|
Child
|
1-2
|
12
|
25
|
2-3
|
14
|
25
|
|
3-4
|
16
|
30
|
|
4-6
|
19
|
30
|
|
6-8
|
23
|
35
|
|
8-10
|
28
|
40
|
Age
- Years
|
Weight
- kg
|
Protein
- g
|
|
Male
|
10-12
|
35
|
45
|
12-14
|
43
|
50
|
|
14-18
|
59
|
60
|
|
18-22
|
67
|
60
|
|
22-75+
|
70
|
65
|
Age
- Years
|
Weight
- kg
|
Protein
- g
|
|
Female
|
10-12
|
35
|
50
|
12-14
|
44
|
50
|
|
14-16
|
52
|
55
|
|
16-18
|
54
|
55
|
|
18-75
|
58
|
55
|
|
Pregnancy
|
-
|
-
|
65
|
Lactation
|
-
|
-
|
75
|
RDAs
Females
|
Males
|
Females
|
Males
|
||
50 g
|
63 g
|
400 µg
|
same
|
||
Vitamin A
(retinol)
|
700 µg*
|
900 µg*
|
Biotin
|
30 µg (AI)
|
same
|
Thiamine
(Vitamin B1)
|
1.1 mg
|
1.2 mg
|
1000 mg (AI)
|
same
|
|
Riboflavin
(Vitamin B2)
|
1.1 mg
|
1.3 mg
|
Phosphorus
|
700 mg
|
same
|
Niacin
(Vitamin B3)
|
14 mg
|
16 mg
|
Selenium
|
55 µg
|
70 µg
|
Pantothenic acid
(Vitamin B5)
|
5 mg (AI)
|
same
|
18 mg
|
10 mg
|
|
Pyridoxal
phosphate B6
|
1.3 mg
|
same
|
8 mg
|
15 mg
|
|
2.4 µg
|
same
|
Magnesium
|
310 mg
|
400 mg
|
|
75 mg
|
90 mg
|
150 µg
|
same
|
||
5 µg (AI)
|
same
|
3 mg
|
4 mg
|
||
15 mg**
|
same
|
Potassium
|
2 g
|
same
|
(Frame Size)
Height (cm)/Wrist Circumference (cm)
Height (cm)/Wrist Circumference (cm)
MALE FEMALE
Small >10.4 >11.0
Medium = 9.6 – 10 = 10.1 – 11.0
Large <9.6 <10.1
Determination of Caloric Needs (for Adults):
- Basal kilocalories equal desirable body weight (lb) x 10
- Add activity kilocalories
- Sedentary equals desirable body weight (1b) x 3
- Moderate equals desirable body weight (lb) x 5
- Strenuous equals desirable body weight (lb) x 0
- Add kilocalories for indicated weight gain, growth (pregnant
women) or location
- Subtract kilocalories for indicated weight loss
CALCULATION OF A CALORIC REQUIREMENTS
•
Step-i:
•
1.
Basal kilocalories: desirable body weight (lb) x 10 = + ________
•
2.
Activity kilocalories
•
a. Sedentary: desirable body weight
(lb) x 3 =_________
•
b. Moderate: desirable body weight
(lb) x 5 = +________
•
c. Strenuous: desirable body weight (lb) x 10= +_________
•
3.
Growth kilocalories
–
Pregnancy:
add 300 kcal/day to gain 23 lb in 9 months =+_____
Add calcium to provide
1.5 g/day and supplemental vitamins if needed
–
Lactation:
add 500 kcal/day = +
_________
–
To
gain 1 lb/week, add 500 kcal/day =
+__________
–
To lose 1 lb/week, subtract 500 kcal/day = - _________
•
Total kilocalories needed = __________
Division of
Calories
•
Protein 20%
•
Carbohydrate
50%
•
Fat 30%
Step-ii.
•
Divide
kilocalories into grams of protein, carbohydrate and fat.
•
Following
is an example of the division of 1,800 kcal into
–
20%
protein = 360 kcal
–
50%
carbohydrate = 900 kcal
–
30%
fat = 540 kcal
Determination of grams of protein, carbohydrate and
fat
(Calculate to nearest-5)
(Calculate to nearest-5)
•
Determine
grams of protein: = 360 kcal /4 = 90 g Protein
•
Determine
grams of carbs: = 900 kcal /4 = 225g CH2O
•
Determine
grams of fat: = 540 kcal/9 = 60 g Fat
•
Protein:
20% of total kilocalories for growing children and pregnant women
•
A
minimum of 0.5 g per lb desirable body weight for other adults
•
Carbohydrate:
from 50-70% of non-protein kilocalories
•
Fat:
from 30-50% of non-protein kilocalories
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